For each of the following, give five reasons why:

• (a)

  A dog is more intelligent than a worm.

• (b)

  A human is more intelligent than a dog.

• (c)

  An organization is more intelligent than an individual human.

Based on these, give a definition of what “more intelligent” may mean.

Give as many disciplines as you can whose aim is to study intelligent behavior of some sort. For each discipline, find out what aspect of behavior is investigated and what tools are used to study it. Be as liberal as you can regarding what defines intelligent behavior.

Find out about two applications of AI (not classes of applications, but specific programs). For each application, write at most one typed page describing it. You should try to cover the following questions:

• (a)

  What does the application actually do (e.g., control a spacecraft, diagnose a photocopier, provide intelligent help for computer users)?

• (b)

  What AI technologies does it use (e.g., model-based diagnosis, belief networks, semantic networks, heuristic search, constraint satisfaction)?

• (c)

  How well does it perform? (According to the authors or to an independent review? How does it compare to humans? How do the authors know how well it works?)

• (d)

  Is it an experimental system or a fielded system? (How many users does it have? What expertise do these users require?)

• (e)

  Why is it intelligent? What aspects of it make it an intelligent system?

• (f)

  [optional] What programming language and environment was it written in? What sort of user interface does it have?

• (g)

  References: Where did you get the information about the application? To what books, articles, or webpages should others who want to know about the application refer?

For each of the Winograd schemas in Example 1.2, what knowledge is required to correctly answer the questions? Try to find a “cheap” method to find the answer, such as by comparing the number of results in a Google search for different cases. Try this for six other Winograd schemas of Davis [2015]. Try to construct an example of your own.

Choose four pairs of dimensions that were not compared in Section 1.5.10. For each pair, give one commonsense example of where the dimensions interact.