There is a real world with real structure. The program of mind has been trained on vast interaction with this world and so contains code that reflects the structure of the world and knows how to exploit it. This code contains representations of real objects in the world and represents the interactions of real objects. The code is mostly modular…, with modules for dealing with different kinds of objects and modules generalizing across many kinds of objects…. The modules interact in ways that mirror the real world and make accurate predictions of how the world evolves….

You exploit the structure of the world to make decisions and take actions. Where you draw the line on categories, what constitutes a single object or a single class of objects for you, is determined by the program of your mind, which does the classification. This classification is not random but reflects a compact description of the world, and in particular a description useful for exploiting the structure of the world.

– Eric B. Baum [2004, pp. 169–170]

This chapter is about how to represent individuals (things, entities, objects) and relationships among them. As Baum suggests in the quote above, the real world contains objects and compact representations of those objects and relationships can make reasoning about them tractable. Such representations can be much more compact than representations in terms of features alone. This chapter considers logical representations and gives detailed examples of how to use such representations for natural language interfaces to databases. Later chapters address knowledge graphs, ontologies and communicating meaning, and integrating relations into learning and reasoning under uncertainty.